Data publishing

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When we browse on the Internet we leave a trail of our personal data in our social networks or online shopping. Several times we also publish our data without really being conscious about it. All those collected data serve to leave a printout that allows us to identify ourselves.

Video Data publishing

Voluntarily provided data

We provide personal data when we register as a user, in a purchase portal, in various social networks, instant messaging systems, among others. The information that is usually provided is: Name, surnames, photographs, dates of birth, address, ID or passport number, e-mail address, telephone number and credit or debit card code. All of these data are important because:

• It gives your identity
• They reveal a way to get in touch with you or locate you
• They introduce your origins, conditions or social circumstances
• Reveal your hobbies, preferences, and behavioral habits
• They give information about your environment or family

That is why we have to make sure of the reliability and security offered by the service to whom we grant our most personal data.  A good way to do this is by reading their privacy policies.

Maps Data publishing

Personal data published by third parties

This happens when:

• We are browsing on websites:
  • Social Networks
  • Contact portals
  • Video portals
  • Blogs
  • forums

• We use online telephone repositories:
  • Phone number
  • Postal address
  • Etc.

• When we use digital mediaeditions:
  • Newspaper
  • Television
  • Radio
  • Etc.

They are important because they reveal personal information, and in many cases it is indexedby the search engines and reaches a global diffusionon the Internet. In case that we want to cancelthe information published on these websites,because they did not have our consent, we should directly inform the head of the repertoire.

Even so, it could be that the publication has been protected by the exercise of a right(such as freedom of expression and information) or it is done in compliance with a legal mandate(such as publication in official newsletters).

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Navigation and behavior data on the network

IP Address

It is a set of numbers that helps to identify a particular computer when it is connected to the network. It can be used to geographically locate the user of the computer and consequently also the owner of the line.

Cookies

These are the files that are stored on the computer of the user who is browsingon the Internet. Cookies contain a number that helps to identify the computer, even if it changes the location. Cookies are installed during Internet browsing and they help to know the user's activity, such as:

• The place from which you access
• Your operating system
• Your browser
• The most visited pages
• The number of clicks made
• Etc.

Cookies are important because many times they are necessary to facilitate navigation on certain websites, but normally they are used to build profiles on our network activity. So that they can capture better the client in the advertising field, for example.

In any case, we need to know that for their installation and use, they need our consent. When browsing on the Internet we need to know what cookies are and what it means to install them. It is essential that websites provide us with information to know how to disable or eliminate their cookies, or how to revoke the consent of their use of cookies. It is recommended that you regularly delete the cookies that had been stored on your computer.

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The term "Data publishing"

Data publishing (also data publication) is the act of releasing research data in published form for (re)use by others. It is a practice consisting in preparing certain data or data set(s) for public use thus to make them available to everyone to use as they wish. This practice is an integral part of the open science movement. There is a large and multidisciplinary consensus on the benefits resulting from this practice.

The main goal is to elevate data to be first class research outputs. There are a number of initiatives underway as well as points of consensus and issues still in contention.

There are several distinct ways to make research data available, including:

• publishing data as supplemental material associated with a research article, typically with the data files hosted by the publisher of the article
• hosting data on a publicly-available website, with files available for download
• hosting data in a repository that has been developed to support data publication, e.g. figshare, Dryad, Dataverse, Zenodo. A large number of general and specialty (such as by research topic) data repositories exist.
• publishing a data paper about the dataset, which may be published as a preprint, in a journal, or in a data journal that is dedicated to supporting data papers. The data may be hosted by the journal or hosted separately in a data repository.

Publishing data allows researchers to both make their data available to others to use, and enables datasets to be cited similarly to other research publication types (such as articles or books), thereby enabling producers of datasets to gain academic credit for their work.

The motivations for publishing data may range for a desire to make research more accessible, to enable citability of datasets, or research funder or publisher mandates that require open data publishing.

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Methods for publishing data

Data files as supplementary material

A large number of journals and publishers support supplementary material being attached to research articles, including datasets. Though historically such material might have been distributed only by request or on microform to libraries, journals today typically host such material online. Supplementary material is available to subscribers to the journal or, if the article or journal is open access, to everyone.

Data repositories

There are a large number of data repositories, on both general and specialized topics. Many repositories are disciplinary repositories, focused on a particular research discipline. Repositories may be free for researchers to upload their data or may charge a one-time or ongoing fee for hosting the data. These repositories offer a publicly-accessible web interface for searching and browsing hosted datasets, and may include additional features such as a digital object identifier, for permanent citation of the data, and linking to associated published papers and code.

Data papers

Data papers are "scholarly publication of a searchable metadata document describing a particular on-line accessible dataset, or a group of datasets, published in accordance to the standard academic practices". Their final aim being to provide "information on the what, where, why, how and who of the data". The intent of a data paper is to offer descriptive information on the related dataset(s) focusing on data collection, distinguishing features, access and potential reuse rather than on data processing and analysis. Because data papers are considered academic publications no different than other types of papers they allow scientists sharing data to receive credit in currency recognizable within the academic system, thus "making data sharing count". This provides not only an additional incentive to share data, but also through the peer review process, increases the quality of metadata and thus reusability of the shared data.

Thus data papers represent the scholarly communication approach to data sharing.

Despite their potentiality, data papers are not the ultimate and complete solution for all the data sharing and reuse issues and, in some cases, they are considered to induce false expectations in the research community.

Data journals

Data papers are supported by a rich array of journals, some of which are "pure", i.e. they are dedicated to publish data papers only, while others - the majority - are "mixed", i.e. they publish a number of articles types including data papers.

A comprehensive survey on data journals is available A non-exhaustive list of data journals has been compiled by staff at the University of Edinburgh.

Examples of "pure" data journals are: Earth System Science Data, Scientific Data, Journal of Open Archaeology Data, and Open Health Data.

Examples of "mixed" journals publishing data papers are: SpringerPlus, PLOS ONE, Biodiversity Data Journal, F1000Research, and GigaScience.

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Data citation

Data citation is the provision of accurate, consistent and standardised referencing for datasets just as bibliographic citations are provided for other published sources like research articles or monographs. Typically the well established Digital Object Identifier (DOI) approach is used with DOIs taking users to a website that contains the metadata on the dataset and the dataset itself.

Several organizations have been established with the aim of driving the data citation agenda. These include the following:

• CODATA Data Citation Standards and Practices Task Group
• Data Preservation Alliance for the Social Sciences (Data-PASS)
• DataCite
• Data Citation Synthesis Group of FORCE11
• Data Citation Working Group of the Research Data Alliance

Data citation is an emerging topic in computer science and it has been defined as a computational problem. Indeed, citing data poses significant challenges to computer scientists and the main problems to address are related to:

• the use of heterogeneous data models and formats - e.g., relational databases, Comma-Separated Values (CSV), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), Resource Description Framework (RDF);
• the transience of data;
• the necessity to cite data at different levels of coarseness - i.e., deep citations;
• the necessity to automatically generate citations to data with variable granularity.

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See also

• Data archiving
• Registry of Research Data Repositories
• Disciplinary repository

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References

Source of article : Wikipedia